Friday, May 13, 2016

ACP Review

1st Semester review Powerpoint Here                                               Strange Animals        Other Strange Animals
Links                                                                                  Project Presentation Options
Remember this song about Cells?
Play this Jeopardy Review Game

Use this study format to keep track of what you know.

Name the Parts of an Animal, Plant or Bacteria Cell Game

The beginning... the microscope
Robert Hooke was the first to observe tree cork and call them CELLS.

Then came cell theory....
Scheiden, Shwann and Virchow proposed cell theory.
1. All living things are made of one or more cells.
2. The cell is smallest unit of a living thing.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.



Some scientist believed living organisms develop from nonliving matter.
Maggots did not grow from the closed jar. This experiment disproved spontaneous generation.


The hierarchy of all living things.
CTOOO
Cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.


Cells are made of organelles. or the parts of a cell.
Mitochondria (the powerhouse) makes the energy (ATP) for the cell.
Cytoplasm is the jelly like substance that holds the organelles in place
The Cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that allows nutrients and waste in and out of the cell.

Plants cells have a hard outer covering called the cell wall that gives a plant is shape


The nucleus is the brain of the cell.
It contains the genetic information or DNA.
Humans have 46 chromosomes.
Chromosomes are made of many genes.
Genes are made of sections of DNA


Cells combine to make tissue
Tissue combine to make organs
Both plants and animals have organs and organ systems.
The organs of a plant are leaves, xylem and phloem. The root system is and organ system that deliver nutrients.



How does the human body get nutrients?


Nutrients and waste move in and out of cells by diffusion.


Nutrients move into the blood stream by diffusion in the small intestine.
Water moves into the blood stream by diffusion in the large intestine.
Osmosis is the movement of water through a cell's semi-permeable membrane. 
The amount of water and nutrients inside and outside the cell determines the flow of water through the membrane. 

The Digestive system (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids) and the Respiratory system (oxygen and CO2) get nutrients and give them to the Circulatory system (diffusion) to carry to all the cells.
 
People need energy and we gain that energy by consuming food.
Our digestive system has the function of turning raw materials
into the chemicals our body needs.
Physical changes simply alter the appearance of something. For example, chewing breaks large food molecules into smaller ones. The tongue helps roll and push the food. Peristalsis is the muscular movement of digestive organs that moves food through the digestive system.  This is a physical change during digestion.
Chemical changes occur when the chemical make-up of the food particle is changed to create a new substance. During the digestive process,enzymes change food like carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acidsinto substances that can be absorbed by cells. Amylase in the mouth breaks down carbohydrates. Pepsin in the stomach breaks down proteins.
In the mouth both physical and chemical digestion occur.
Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules during both changes so that cells can absorb and use for energy. Carbohydrates are broken down into sugars and used by the mitochondria during cellular respiration to make energy or ATP 

The Endocrine system is made of glands that release hormones toregulate body functions.

 http://www.innerbody.com/image/endoov.html
Reproduction
Cells reproduce through mitosis (body cells) and meiosis (sex cells).

Sexual reproduction (egg and sperms) produces off spring with shared genetic information. Asexual Reproduction (plant cuttings, starfish) produces offspring with equal and identical genetic information.

Work Equation video
        Tropism 

The equation to solve work problems looks like this:

work = force x distance  or   W = F x d




  • The SI unit for force is newton (N).


    • The SI unit for distance is meter (m).
    • The SI unit for work is joule (J).







    Now let's look at the steps for calculating work.
    Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
    The net force on the rope in the top of Figure 7 is 0When the net force on an object is Nthe forces acting on it are balanced forces.

    If the forces acting on an object are balancedthe objectmotion does not changeWhen the net force acting on an object is not0the forces acting on the object are unbalanced forces.
     


    The forces acting on the rope in the bottom of Figure 7 areunbalanced

    Monday, April 25, 2016

    Structure of DNA - What makes you you!

    Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNAis a molecule encoding the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. Along with RNA and proteins, DNA is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life.

    Genetic information is encoded as a sequence of nucleotides (guanineadeninethymine, and cytosine) recorded using the letters G, A, T, and C. Most DNA molecules are double-stranded helices, consisting of two long polymers of simple unitscalled nucleotides, molecules with backbones made of alternating sugars (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid), with the nucleobases (G, A, T, C) attached to the sugars. 
    DNA is well-suited for biological information storage, since the DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage and the double-stranded structure provides the molecule with a built-in duplicate of the encoded information.

    The structure of the DNA double helix. The atoms in the structure are colour-coded by element and the detailed structure of two base pairs are shown in the bottom right
    Chromosomes Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animalsplantsfungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts.[1] In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.


     
    What are traits?
    How would you describe yourselfDo you have curly hairDo you have dimples when you smileAre you tallThese are examples of traitsA trait is characteristic that distinguishes one organism from another organism. An apple treetraits might include pink flowers and red appleswhile pine treetraits might include flat needles and cones.Each apple and cone also has unique set of traitsjust as you have unique traits that distinguish you from your classmates.
    Determining Traits
    Traits are determined by genes inside an organismcellsA gene (JEENis section ofDNA on chromosome that has genetic information for one trait, as shown in Figure 1.Genes carry coded instructions for making all parts of an organismNot all of these instructions are contained in just one geneDifferent genes contain different codesThe code of just one gene determines some traitsOther more complex traits are determined by the codes of many genes that work together.
    Heredity is the passage of genetic instructions from one generation to the next generation.Genes are inheritedThat means the instructions they carry are passed in sex cells from parents to offspringAn organism has genesand some traitssimilar to those of its parents.
    1. Key Concept CheckHow are genes and traits related?
    Figure 1 Genes are segments of molecules called DNAEach gene determines trait orpart of trait.
    Phenotype and Genotype
    You can describe an organismtraits in different waysPhenotype (FEE nuh tipe)describes an organismobservable set of traits. The giraffe in Figure 2 has brown spots,thin legsand long neckThese traits are parts of the giraffephenotype.
    Genotype ( JEE nuh tipedescribes an organismcomplete set of genes. The genotype contains the coded instructions that result in an organismphenotypeScientists say that an organism expresses its genotype in its phenotypeLike all organismsthe giraffe has many different traitsIts genotype contains the instructions for all of these traits.
    2. Key Concept CheckHow do phenotype and genotype relate?

    Anup Shah/Photodisc/Getty Images
    Figure 2 The giraffephenotype includes its spots and long neck.
    Environmental Influence
    Genotype does not usually change during an organismlifetimeThe flamingos pictured at the beginning of this lesson are different colors because of the food they eatThey are pink or white depending on the presence of certain pigment in their dietLike all organismseach cell of flamingo usually contains the same genes throughout the flamingolifeIts genes do not depend on the food the flamingo eats or what environment it lives in.
    While an organismgenes usually remain the samean organismphenotype can change throughout its lifetimePhenotype can change when factors in an organismenvironment changeFactors such as soil qualitywatertemperatureor social conditions can change an organismphenotype without changing its genotypeSome of these factors can cause changes that last lifetimeOthers cause changes that are quickly reversedFor examplethe octopus in Figure 3 can change color quickly as it moveshuntsand hides in its environment.

    (l, c, r) David Kearnes/SeaPics.com
    Figure 3 This octopus changes color in matter of secondsNo matter its colorits genotype remains the same.
    1. Visual CheckHow might the ability to change color help the octopus survive inits environment?
    Soil
    Just as flamingocolor can change as its diet changesthe phenotype of many plants can change depending on the nutrients in the soil in which they growLow nitrogen in soil might cause plant to be smaller than usualor it might make its leaves yellow.
    The acidity of soil can affect phenotypetooIn the case of the hydrangea plants shown in Figure 4, soil acidity can determine whether plant has blue flowers or pink flowersIf grown in basic soilplant produces pink flowersIf the same plant is grown in acidic soilit produces blue flowersHoweverthe plantgenotype remains the same no matter what color its flowers are.
    2. Reading CheckDoes soil acidity affect genotypephenotypeor both in hydrangeas?

    Hiroshi Kubozuka/Sebun Photo/Getty Images
    Figure 4 Variations in soil acidity determine the color of these hydrangea flowers.
    Water
    Have you ever forgotten to water houseplantWhat happened to itThe plant might have wiltedwilted plant looks different than plant that is well wateredWater can change plantphenotype

    Lack of water over long periods of time can cause some plants to have smaller leaves than usualor it can cause leaves to curlToo much water might cause plants to drop some of their leavesWater can also affect the leaf shape of some plantssuch as the water marigold shown in Figure 5. The leaves of the water marigold are thin and branched under the water and broad and wide above the surface.
    Figure 5 Water affects the shape of water marigold leaves even though both leavescontain the same genes.
    Temperature
    Did you know that the dark areas on Siamese catthe noseearsand tailare cooler than the rest of the catbodyChanges in temperature affect the color of these areasIf the Siamese cat in Figure 6 lived in warmer environment for long period of timethe dark areas would gradually lightenIf the cat moved back to cool environmentthose areas would darken againHoweverthe catgenotype in each environment would be the same.
    Temperature can affect the phenotype of other organismsFor examplein some reptilessuch as crocodiles and some turtlestemperature determines offspring genderIf the sandy nest in which crocodile lays her eggs remains about 32°Cthe hatchlings are maleIn slightly warmer or cooler nestthe hatchlings are female.
    3. Reading CheckWhat determines crocodilegender?

    Juniors Bildarchiv/Photolibrary
    Figure 6 The dark noseearsand tail of this Siamese cat are cooler than the rest of its body.
    Social Factors
    An organismsocial environment is the group of like organisms with which it shares living space

    change in social environment can cause changes in gendersizeor colorFor examplethe desert locustshown in Figure 7, is brown or green when it lives alone.Howeverin crowded social environmentthe locust is yellow or orangeDespite the color differencethe locustgenes remain the same.
    4. Key Concept CheckHow can the environment change phenotypes?

    Insets: Stephen Dalton/Minden Pictures
    Figure 7 desert locustcolor can change depending on whether the locust lives alone or in crowded environment.
    Mutations and Phenotype
    You have read that environmental factors can change an organismphenotype without changing its genotypeYou also read that the environment cannot change genotypegenotype can be altered only by changes in the geneDNA code.
    What are mutations?
    change in the DNA code of gene is called a mutation (myew TAY shun). Think about the last time you typed somethingDid your fingers hit wrong letterMutations are similarJust as one wrong letter changes wordmutation changes gene.
    Sometimesmutation in gene can also change the trait coded by the geneWhen it doesthe change can appear in the organismphenotypeThe fruit fly with extra wings in Figure 8 is the result of mutation in gene that codes for the number of wings.
    1. Key Concept CheckWhat is mutation?

    Pascal Goetgheluck/Photo Researchers
    Figure 8 The fruit fly with extra wings contains mutation that appears in itsphenotype.
    Inherited Mutations
    Recall that change to phenotype that is caused by an environmental factor is notinherited. pink flamingooffspring can be pink or white depending on the offspringdietHoweverchanges . If the fly with extra wings in Figure 8 survives and has offspringit could pass its wing mutation to future generationsPassing mutations to offspring plays an important role in determining how organisms change over time.


    Lesson Review
    Visual Summary
    Phenotype is an organismobservable set of traitsGenotype is an organismentire set of genes.

    Anup Shah/Photodisc/Getty Images
    An organismphenotype can be changed by environmental factors.
    Genotype can change only by mutations to genes.

    Pascal Goetgheluck/Photo Researchers
    What do you think NOW?
    You first read the statements below at the beginning of the lesson.
    1. Some organisms can change color as they move from one environment to another.
    2. Environmental factors determine whether some organisms are born male orfemale.
    3. Traits acquired during an organismlifetime are passed to the organismoffspring.
    Did you change your mind about whether you agree or disagree with the statements?Rewrite any false statements to make them true.
    Lesson Assessment
    Use Vocabulary
    1. Distinguish between phenotype and genotype.
    2. Choose the term that describes an organismdistinguishing characteristics.
    3. change in gene is called a(n__________.
    Understand Key Concepts
    4. If you describe flower as pinkyou are referring to
         A. its genotype.
         B. its genes.
         C. its DNA.
         D. its phenotype.
    5. Compare In the fallan arctic fox begins to grow white coatIn springit sheds its  white coat and begins to grow brown coatCompare the foxgenotype in winter and in summer.
    6. Describe the location of the instructions that code for traits.
    7. Which equation best illustrates how trait appears?
         A. genotype + environment = phenotype
         B. genotype + phenotype = environment
         C. phenotype + environment = genotype
         D. phenotype + genotype = environment
    8. The two plants below came from the same parent plantsbut the one on the right was watered less
         What 
    might explain their differences?

    Photograph of two potted plants; the plant on the left has full, healthy leaves, and the plant on the right is wilted
    The McGraw-Hill Companies
         A. Lack of water can alter plantgenotype.
         B. Lack of water can alter plantphenotype.
         C. Lack of water can cause mutation.
         D. Lack of water is an adaptation.
    9. Which does NOT change over time?
         A. an individualphenotype
         B. an individualgenotype
         C. populations of organisms
         D. types of adaptations
    Interpret Graphics
    10. Hypothesize The illustration below shows what happens to the fur color of Himalayan rabbit after patch of fur on its back is shaved and an ice pack is placed on it for several daysWhat might happen if the floor of the rabbitcage were warmed but the rest of the cage were kept cool?

    Series of illustrations showing a Himalayan rabbit with a patch of fur shaved from its back, the same rabbit with an ice pack covering the shaved patch, and the same rabbit with a dark patch of fur where the ice pack had been.
    11. Organize Information Copy and fill in the graphic organizer below with three environmental factors that can influence phenotype.

    Example of graphic organizer with one box on the left branching into three boxes on the right
    Critical Thinking
    12. Develop hypothesis to explain why two organisms with the same genes might look        different.
    13. Provide two examples to explain the following statementThe expression of genes is best understood as combination of the genes and environmental factors.
    14. Draw an Analogy Think of house as if it were an organismExplain whether changing its blueprint would be similar to changing genotype or phenotype.


    Real World Science Feature

    The Hawksbill TurtleUnusual Diet

    Eugenia Narco-Maciel/American Museum of Natural History
    You might know that carnivore (KAR nuh voris an animal that eats other animals,but have you ever heard of spongivore (SPUN jih vor)? It is carnivore that eats spongessponge is simple animal that has chalkyglass like spikes that support its bodyThe hawks bill turtle is spongivoreIts narrow head has sharpcurving beak.This enables hawks bill to remove sponges from small spaces in coral reefs.Hawks bills also have adaptations for digesting and absorbing nutrients from sponges.
    How did hawks bills evolve as spongivoresConservation geneticist Eugenia Naro-Maciel of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City is trying to answer to this question.
    To understand adaptations of sponge-eating turtlesNaro-Maciel analyzed their DNA.She compared the DNA of sea turtle species living today to learn which are similar.The more similar the DNA of two speciesthe more closely related they areHer results revealed that hawks bills and other carnivorous sea turtle species are more closely related than hawks bills and plant-eating sea turtle speciesNextNaro-Macielwants to gather more data about where hawks bills feed and moveScientists can use this data to find ways to minimize the effects of human actions on hawks bills.

    Visuals Unlimited/CORBIS
    Meet the Hawksbill
         • Weight4590 kg
         • Length80100 cm
         • Hawksbills inhabit tropical and subtropical regions of the AtlanticPacificand Indian Oceans.
         • In the Caribbeanan adult hawks bill eats an average of 544 kg of sponges per year.
         • Every 2yearsan adult female hawks bill returns to the beach where she hatched to build her
           
    nestShe returns 3times per breeding season to build nest and lays an average of 130 eggs 
           per 
    nest.
    ItYour Turn

    RESEARCH
     Conduct research about one of the other six sea turtle species.Write paragraph that describes the turtlephysical characteristicsits feeding and migration habitsand how these traits help it survive.